Writing Next Report for the Carnegie Corporation.

Meta-analysis of writing practices research in grades 4-12. Based only upon experimental and quasi-experimental research.

Identifies 11 elements of effective writing instruction. (effect size)

1. Writing strategies for planning, revising and editing. (0.82)
2. Summarization of text. (0.82)
3. Collaborative writing (0.75)
4. Identifying specific reachable writing goals (0.70)
5. Using computers and word processors for writing assignments (0.55)
6. Teaching students to construct more complex sentences. (0.50)
7. Prewriting activities to help students generate and organize ideas (0.32)
8. Inquiry (0.32)
9. Process writing approach which utilizes a workshop approach that includes authentic activities and personalized approach. (0.32)
10. Study of models (0.25)
11. Writing for content learning (0.23)

//Notes on assessment://

“Before implementing any of the elements, educators should consider the needs of their students as revealed by assessment data.” p. 24

“Just as with reading, writing intervention is most effective when matched to student needs.” p. 24